Nikkei 225

The Nikkei 225 (日経平均株価, Nikkei heikin kabuka, 日経225), more commonly called the Nikkei, the Nikkei index, or the Nikkei Stock Average (/ˈnɪkeɪ/, /ˈniːkeɪ/, or /nɪˈkeɪ/), is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). It has been calculated daily by the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) newspaper since 1950. It is a price-weighted index (the unit is yen), and the components are reviewed once a year. Currently, the Nikkei is the most widely quoted average of Japanese equities, similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average. In fact, it was known as the "Nikkei Dow Jones Stock Average" from 1975 to 1985.

The Nikkei 225 began to be calculated on September 7, 1950, retroactively calculated back to May 16, 1949. Since January 2010 the index is updated every 15 seconds during trading sessions.

The Nikkei 225 Futures, introduced at Singapore Exchange (SGX) in 1986, the Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE) in 1988, Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1990, is now an internationally recognized futures index.

Closing the gap

Closing the gap is a term used in Australian society, referring to the inequalities in Aboriginal culture that creates a gap between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians. The average age of death of an Aboriginal male is 11.5 and woman 9.5 years less than the average white Australian, this is a major example that there is a gap that needs to be closed in our society to get rid of Aboriginal inequalities. The main cause of this is lack of knowledge in health education and lack of funding going towards proper health systems being installed into rural communities where aboriginals are living.

Health

With such a difference in life expectancy between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians shows that there is a massive issue of lack of health system, Aboriginals living in their rural communities do not have access to hospitals or medical help unless having to travel long distances to get there, this cost Aboriginals in need money that they do not have which leaves them avoiding the health system all together. Without medical help on hand people will be left without any knowledge of what is wrong and will not be taught anything that the doctors can share with them. The lack of health services is definitely contributing to the life expectancy gap, as Australians living in cities have 24 hour access to doctors and nurses allowing them to constantly monitor their health which makes them live a healthier lifestyle which leads to living longer.

Wall Street

Wall Street is a 0.7-mile-long (1.1 km) street running eight blocks, roughly northwest to southeast, from Broadway to South Street on the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector (even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.

Anchored by Wall Street, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange.

History

Early years

There are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named "de Waal Straat" got its name. A generally accepted version is that the name of the street was derived from an earthen wall on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, perhaps to protect against English colonial encroachment or incursions by Native Americans. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal. Among the first settlers that embarked on the ship "Nieu Nederlandt" in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word "wal" can be translated as "rampart". However, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat.

Stock exchange

A stock exchange or bourse is an exchange where stock brokers and traders can buy and/or sell stocks (also called shares), bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as "continuous auction" markets, with buyers and sellers consummating transactions at a central location, such as the floor of the exchange.

To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets use electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is restricted to brokers who are members of the exchange. In recent years, various other trading venues, such as electronic communication networks, alternative trading systems and "dark pools" have taken much of the trading activity away from traditional stock exchanges.

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Coordinates: 35°40′57.60″N 139°46′43.71″E / 35.6826667°N 139.7788083°E / 35.6826667; 139.7788083

The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所, Tōkyō Shōken Torihikijo), which is called Tōshō (東証) or TSE for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies. It had 2,292 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015.

In July 2012 a planned merger with the Osaka Securities Exchange was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission. The resulting entity, the Japan Exchange Group (JPX) (日本取引所グループ Nihon Torihikijo Gurūpu), was launched on January 1, 2013.

Structure

The TSE is incorporated as a kabushiki gaisha with nine directors, four auditors and eight executive officers. Its headquarters are located at 2-1 Nihonbashi-kabutocho (ja:日本橋兜町), Chūō, Tokyo, or "Kabutocho", which is the largest financial district in Japan. Its operating hours are from 8:00 to 11:30 a.m., and from 12:30 to 5:00 p.m. From April 24, 2006, the afternoon trading session started at its usual time of 12:30 p.m..